{"id":12739,"date":"2026-06-11T09:36:21","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T09:36:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/?p=12739"},"modified":"2026-06-11T09:47:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T09:47:11","slug":"photosynthesis-for-iit-ja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/iit-jam\/photosynthesis-for-iit-ja\/","title":{"rendered":"Photosynthesis: Proven Tips for IIT JAM 2027"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"17\">Photosynthesis<\/b> is one of those topics that you\u2019ve been seeing since middle school biology. But for an IIT JAM aspirant, it&#8217;s not just about &#8220;plants making food.&#8221; It\u2019s a masterclass in bioenergetics, electron transport, and enzyme kinetics. If you want to ace the plant physiology questions in IIT JAM, you need to look past the basic summary and break down exactly how light energy turns into chemical bonds.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Syllabus: Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reactions) For IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">In the grand scheme of competitive exams, <strong>Photosynthesis<\/strong> sits right in the middle of biochemistry in the <a href=\"https:\/\/jam2026.iitb.ac.in\/files\/syllabus_BT.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>IIT JAM syllabus<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0So, mastering this now gives you a massive head start for your master&#8217;s and future research exams.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4\">To get a solid grip on <b>photosynthesis,<\/b>\u00a0standard textbooks are your best friends. We often recommend <i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"109\">Plant Physiology<\/i> by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, along with classic Indian curriculum references like <i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"215\">Plant Physiology<\/i> by P. Maheshwari and biotechnological perspectives from M.S. Valiathan. These texts help you move past rote memorization and dive straight into the molecular mechanics.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">At its core, the process is split into two massive operations:<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"6\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">The Light Reactions:<\/b> Catching photons, splitting water, and packing that energy into ATP and NADPH.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">The Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle):<\/b> Taking those freshly made energy packets and using them to fix CO2 into actual sugars.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Understanding the Light-Dependent Reactions ofPhotosynthesis (Light and Dark reactions) For IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Think of the <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"13\">thylakoid membrane<\/b> inside the chloroplast as a highly sophisticated solar panel array. This is where the light-dependent reactions\u2014historically called the Hill reaction\u2014take place.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"10\">When a photon hits pigment molecules like <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"42\">chlorophyll a<\/b>, <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"57\">chlorophyll b<\/b>, or carotenoids, it doesn&#8217;t just sit there. It excites an electron to a higher energy level. As per <strong>Photosynthesis, <\/strong>this electron gets passed along like a hot potato down an <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"222\">electron transport chain (ETC)<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">As these electrons move through complexes like Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"b_6f\" data-index-in-node=\"81\">b<sub>6<\/sub>f<\/span>, and Photosystem I (PSI), something neat happens. The energy released is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a steep <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"218\">proton gradient<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Imagine crowding a million people into a tiny room; they are going to want to burst out. That\u2019s what the protons do. They rush out through a molecular turbine called ATP synthase, spinning it to generate <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"204\">ATP<\/b> via chemiosmosis. At the very end of the line, those tired electrons are handed off to <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"NADP^+\" data-index-in-node=\"295\">NADP+<\/span>\u00a0to form <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"310\">NADPH<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"13\">So, by the end of the light reactions, the plant has successfully converted raw sunlight into two major currencies:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"14\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">ATP<\/b> (the cellular cash)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">NADPH<\/b> (the reducing power)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15\">Here at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/online-courses\"><strong>VedPrep<\/strong><\/a>, we always tell our students to track the stoichiometry here, because IIT JAM loves to test you on the exact number of photons needed to generate these molecules.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Worked Example: Light and Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis for IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"18\">Let\u2019s look at how the exam might test your understanding of <strong>Photosynthesis<\/strong> with some numerical problems.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"19\"><strong>Problem 1: Calculating ATP Yield<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20\">In the light-dependent reactions, light energy is caught by pigments and turned into chemical energy. Let&#8217;s look at a standard quantum yield problem. Assume a specific experimental setup requires 8 photons to yield the energy equivalent of 1 ATP and 1 NADPH molecule under non-cyclic photophosphorylation conditions. If a leaf absorbs <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"10^6\" data-index-in-node=\"335\">10<sup>6<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0photons, let&#8217;s calculate the maximum theoretical ATP yield based on a simplified standard ratio of 2 photons per electron transport step.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Solution:<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21\">If we follow a basic conceptual model where it takes 2 photons to move an electron through the chain to help generate 1 ATP:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\text{Maximum ATP Yield} = \\frac{10^6 \\text{ photons}}{2 \\text{ photons\/ATP}} = 5 \\times 10^5 \\text{ ATP molecules}\">Maximum ATP Yield = 10<sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0 photons \/ 2\u00a0 photons\/ATP = 5 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0 ATP molecules<\/div>\n<div data-math=\"\\text{Maximum ATP Yield} = \\frac{10^6 \\text{ photons}}{2 \\text{ photons\/ATP}} = 5 \\times 10^5 \\text{ ATP molecules}\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"23\"><strong>Problem 2: CO2 Fixation Math<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"24\">In the Calvin cycle, the reducing power of NADPH fixes CO\u2082\u00a0into carbohydrates. Each NADPH molecule provides 2 electrons (reducing equivalents). If a system produces <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"3 \\times 10^5\" data-index-in-node=\"166\">3 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup><\/span> NADPH molecules, let&#8217;s figure out the maximum number of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"236\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0molecules the plant can fix.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25\"><b data-path-to-node=\"25\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Solution:<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25\">First, let&#8217;s find the total number of available electrons:<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-block\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-math=\"3 \\times 10^5 \\text{ NADPH} \\times 2 \\text{ e}^-\/\\text{NADPH} = 6 \\times 10^5 \\text{ electrons}\">3 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup> NADPH \u00d7 2\u00a0 e-\/NADPH = 6 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0 electrons<\/div>\n<div data-math=\"3 \\times 10^5 \\text{ NADPH} \\times 2 \\text{ e}^-\/\\text{NADPH} = 6 \\times 10^5 \\text{ electrons}\">Since reducing one molecule of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"31\">CO2<\/span>\u00a0to the level of a carbohydrate requires 2 electrons from NADPH:<\/div>\n<div data-math=\"3 \\times 10^5 \\text{ NADPH} \\times 2 \\text{ e}^-\/\\text{NADPH} = 6 \\times 10^5 \\text{ electrons}\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-22386 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/carbohydrate-requires-300x49.png\" alt=\"carbohydrate requires\" width=\"300\" height=\"49\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/carbohydrate-requires-300x49.png 300w, https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/carbohydrate-requires-768x124.png 768w, https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-content\/uploads\/carbohydrate-requires.png 791w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Common Misconceptions About Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reactions) For IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"32\">When you&#8217;re studying for an exam as competitive as IIT JAM, clearing out mental bugs is half the battle. Let&#8217;s bust three common myths:<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"32\"><b data-path-to-node=\"33,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Myth 1: The &#8220;Dark Reactions&#8221; only happen at night.<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"33,0\"><i data-path-to-node=\"33,0\" data-index-in-node=\"51\">Reality:<\/i> This is a classic trap. The dark reactions (Calvin cycle) don&#8217;t need light <i data-path-to-node=\"33,0\" data-index-in-node=\"135\">directly<\/i>, but they rely entirely on the ATP and NADPH produced during the day. Plus, key enzymes like RuBisCO are actually activated by light. If the lights go out, the Calvin cycle grinds to a halt pretty quickly.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"33,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"34,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Myth 2: Chlorophyll is a lone wolf.<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"34,0\"><i data-path-to-node=\"34,0\" data-index-in-node=\"36\">Reality:<\/i> Chlorophyll <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"a\" data-index-in-node=\"57\">a<\/span>\u00a0is the main reaction center, but it would be incredibly inefficient on its own. Accessory pigments like carotenoids act like an antenna array, catching wavelengths of light that chlorophyll misses and funneling that energy to the center. They also protect the plant from getting fried by too much sun.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"34,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"35,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Myth 3: The Calvin cycle only makes glucose.<\/b><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"35,0\"><i data-path-to-node=\"35,0\" data-index-in-node=\"45\">Reality:<\/i> The direct product of the Calvin cycle isn&#8217;t actually glucose\u2014it&#8217;s a 3-carbon sugar called <b data-path-to-node=\"35,0\" data-index-in-node=\"145\">G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)<\/b>. The plant then uses G3P as a starting block to build glucose, sucrose, starch, or even lipids and amino acids depending on what it needs at the time.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Real-World Applications of Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reactions) For IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"38\">Understanding this pathway isn&#8217;t just about clearing an exam; it\u2019s the foundation for some of the coolest tech being built today.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"39\"><strong>Biofuels and Green Energy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"40\">Imagine if we could skip the millions of years it takes to make fossil fuels and just harvest energy straight from fast-growing plants. Scientists are studying green microalgae like <i data-path-to-node=\"40\" data-index-in-node=\"182\">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/i> to optimize their light reactions, pushing them to produce lipids that we can easily convert into biodiesel. Other researchers are tweaking photosynthetic bacteria like <i data-path-to-node=\"40\" data-index-in-node=\"377\">Rhodobacter<\/i> to generate clean biohydrogen gas.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"41\"><strong>Carbon Sequestration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"42\">With climate change being a massive global challenge, boosting the efficiency of the Calvin cycle is a major research goal. If we can engineer crops or marine cyanobacteria to fix <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"180\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0faster or work better under heat stress, we could pull massive amounts of greenhouse gases straight out of the air.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"43\">At <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/online-courses\/iit-jam\"><strong>VedPrep<\/strong><\/a>, we love highlighting these connections because seeing how a thylakoid membrane relates to global biotechnology makes the long study hours feel a lot more meaningful.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis: The Calvin Cycle for IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"49\">Once the light reactions wrap up in the thylakoids, the action moves out into the <b data-path-to-node=\"49\" data-index-in-node=\"82\">stroma<\/b>\u2014the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast. This is where the light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle) take place.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"50\">To understand how this works, let&#8217;s imagine a fictional scenario. Think of the stroma as a high-speed recycling factory floor. The factory has a main assembly worker named <b data-path-to-node=\"50\" data-index-in-node=\"172\">RuBisCO<\/b>, an enzyme whose sole job is to grab raw material (CO\u2082)\u00a0from the air and weld it onto an existing 5-carbon frame called <b data-path-to-node=\"50\" data-index-in-node=\"301\">RuBP<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"51\">The cycle moves through three distinct phases in <strong>Photosynthesis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"52\"><strong>1. Carbon Fixation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"53\">RuBisCO fixes <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0onto RuBP, creating an unstable 6-carbon intermediate that immediately splits into two stable 3-carbon pieces called <b data-path-to-node=\"53\" data-index-in-node=\"136\">3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)<\/b>. Because the first stable product has 3 carbons, we call this <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"C_3\" data-index-in-node=\"225\">C3<\/span>\u00a0<strong>photosynthesis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"54\"><strong>2. Reduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"55\">This is where the factory spends its hard-earned money. The 3-PGA molecules are energized by ATP and reduced by NADPH (the products from our light reactions) to form a high-energy sugar called <b data-path-to-node=\"55\" data-index-in-node=\"193\">G3P<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"56\"><strong>3. Regeneration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"57\">For the factory to keep running, it has to recreate its starting material. A fraction of the G3P leaves the cycle to go make glucose, but the rest is systematically rearranged\u2014using even more ATP\u2014to regenerate the original <b data-path-to-node=\"57\" data-index-in-node=\"223\">RuBP<\/b> molecules. If the factory runs out of ATP here, the assembly line jams, and no more carbon can be fixed.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Case Study: Investigating the Effect of Light on Photosynthesis for IIT JAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"60\">Let&#8217;s look at a fictional experiment to see how these two systems interact under stress to understand <strong>Photosynthesis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"61\">Imagine a lab setup where a researcher places a spinach leaf disk in a sealed chamber with a steady supply of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"110\">CO\u2082<\/span> and shines a bright light on it. Initially, the leaf functions perfectly, churning out oxygen from the light reactions and consuming <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"248\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0via the Calvin cycle.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"62\">Suddenly, the researcher turns off the light but keeps monitoring the internal chemistry.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"63\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"63,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"63,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Within seconds:<\/b> The production of oxygen stops completely because Photosystem II no longer has photons to split water.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"63,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"63,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Within a minute:<\/b> The levels of RuBP drop drastically, while the levels of 3-PGA spike.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"64\">Why does this happen? The Calvin cycle didn&#8217;t stop instantly because RuBisCO can still fix <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"91\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0using the leftover ATP and NADPH swimming around in the stroma. But as soon as that temporary pool of energy dries up, the plant can no longer reduce 3-PGA or regenerate RuBP. This fictional scenario shows exactly why the &#8220;dark&#8221; reactions are ultimately tethered to the light.<\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"64\"><strong>Final Thoughts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"64\">Mastering <strong>photosynthesis<\/strong> for the IIT JAM isn&#8217;t about memorizing a series of static textbook diagrams\u2014it\u2019s about appreciating the elegant choreography between light energy and chemical synthesis. When you can comfortably trace an electron from a water molecule all the way to a high-energy sugar, the tricky analytical and numerical questions on the exam become much easier to navigate. Take it one pathway at a time, keep an eye on the molecular stoichiometry, and balance your theory with steady practice.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"64\">To learn more in detail from our faculty, watch our YouTube video:<\/p>\n<p class=\"responsive-video-wrap clr\"><iframe title=\"Plant Physiology | Light Reaction of Photosynthesis |CUET PG | IIT JAM |P-1| VedPrep Biology Academy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UAJcsa892OE?list=PL9lHY5ffoJ41jqiiTlrZjG67o4fGoEufm\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<section>\n<h2><strong>Frequently Asked Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<style>#sp-ea-22389 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-22389.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-22389.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-22389.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-22389.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-22389.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1781170105\">\n<div id=\"sp-ea-22389\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"\" data-scroll-active-item=\"\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\">\n\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223890\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223890\" aria-controls=\"collapse223890\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> Why do we still call them \"dark reactions\" if they happen during the day?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse223890\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223890\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>It\u2019s mostly a historical name because they don't <i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"49\">directly<\/i> require photons to run. However, calling them \"light-independent\" is much more accurate. In real life, they happen almost exclusively during the day because they need a fresh, continuous supply of ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, and several key Calvin cycle enzymes are light-activated.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223891\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223891\" aria-controls=\"collapse223891\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Where exactly do the light and dark reactions take place?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223891\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223891\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Location matters a lot for the exam! The light-dependent reactions happen within the <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"85\">thylakoid membranes<\/b> (where the photosystems and electron transport chains are embedded). The dark reactions (Calvin cycle) happen in the <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"222\">stroma<\/b>, the fluid-filled matrix surrounding the thylakoids inside the chloroplast.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223892\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223892\" aria-controls=\"collapse223892\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223892\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223892\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Non-cyclic (the Z-scheme) involves both PSII and PSI, splits water, produces both ATP and NADPH, and moves electrons in a one-way street. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves <b data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"175\">only PSI<\/b>. Electrons loop back through the cytochrome complex, pumping protons to make <i data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"261\">only<\/i> extra ATP, with no NADPH or oxygen produced.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223893\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223893\" aria-controls=\"collapse223893\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Why do plants need cyclic photophosphorylation at all?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223893\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223893\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>The standard Calvin cycle requires a <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"3:2\" data-index-in-node=\"37\">3:2<\/span> ratio of ATP to NADPH (3 ATP and 2 NADPH per CO\u2082).\u00a0Non-cyclic electron flow doesn't quite hit this exact ratio; it leaves the plant short on ATP. Cyclic flow acts like an emergency backup generator to pump out the extra ATP needed to keep the Calvin cycle balanced.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223894\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223894\" aria-controls=\"collapse223894\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the \"Hill Reaction\" and why is it significant?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223894\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223894\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Discovered by Robin Hill, it proved that isolated chloroplasts can produce oxygen in the presence of light and an artificial electron acceptor, even <i data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"149\">without<\/i> <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"157\">CO\u2082.<\/span>\u00a0This was a massive breakthrough because it showed that light-driven oxygen evolution is a completely separate process from carbon fixation.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223895\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223895\" aria-controls=\"collapse223895\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What makes Chlorophyll a the \"primary\" photosynthetic pigment?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223895\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223895\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>While many pigments absorb light, only Chlorophyll <i data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"51\">a<\/i> can actually convert that absorbed light into chemical energy by passing an excited electron directly into the electron transport chain at the reaction center. All other pigments (Chlorophyll <i data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"245\">b<\/i>, carotenoids) are accessory pigments that just pass their collected energy to Chlorophyll <i data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"337\">a<\/i>.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223896\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223896\" aria-controls=\"collapse223896\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How do accessory pigments protect the photosynthetic apparatus?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223896\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223896\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Under intense sunlight, plants can get overloaded with energy, leading to the formation of dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accessory pigments like carotenoids perform <b data-path-to-node=\"18\" data-index-in-node=\"176\">photoprotection<\/b> by safely absorbing and dissipating that excess energy as heat, preventing damage to PSII.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223897\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223897\" aria-controls=\"collapse223897\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the \"Red Drop\" effect and Emerson Enhancement effect?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223897\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223897\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Robert Emerson noticed that quantum yield drops drastically when plants are exposed to light wavelengths longer than 680 nm (the \"Red Drop\"). However, when he simultaneously provided shorter wavelength light along with the far-red light, the photosynthetic rate skyrocketed (the \"Enhancement Effect\"). This proved that photosynthesis uses two cooperation-based photosystems (PSII and PSI) working in series.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223898\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223898\" aria-controls=\"collapse223898\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is \"Quantum Yield\" in photosynthesis?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223898\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223898\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Quantum yield is the number of photochemical products (like <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"O_2\" data-index-in-node=\"60\">O\u2082<\/span>\u00a0evolved or <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"75\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0fixed) divided by the total number of photons (quanta) absorbed. It\u2019s a measure of how efficiently the plant converts light packets into chemical reactions.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-223899\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse223899\" aria-controls=\"collapse223899\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How many ATP and NADPH are consumed to fix a single molecule of CO2 in C3 plants?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse223899\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-223899\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>To fix one molecule of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"23\">CO\u2082<\/span>\u00a0into a stable carbohydrate through the Calvin cycle, it costs exactly <b data-path-to-node=\"31\" data-index-in-node=\"98\">3 ATP<\/b> and <b data-path-to-node=\"31\" data-index-in-node=\"108\">2 NADPH<\/b>. If you are calculating the total cost for one net molecule of glucose (6 <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"190\">CO2<\/span>), you just multiply by six: 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-2238910\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse2238910\" aria-controls=\"collapse2238910\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Why is RuBisCO considered an inefficient enzyme?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse2238910\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-2238910\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Despite being the most abundant enzyme on Earth, RuBisCO is notoriously slow, fixing only a few substrate molecules per second. Worse, it has a dual affinity for both <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"CO_2\" data-index-in-node=\"167\">CO\u2082<\/span> and <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"O_2\" data-index-in-node=\"176\">O\u2082<\/span>. When it accidentally grabs <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"O_2\" data-index-in-node=\"208\">O\u2082<\/span> instead of CO\u2082,\u00a0it triggers a wasteful process called photorespiration.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-2238911\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse2238911\" aria-controls=\"collapse2238911\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle, and which one costs the most energy?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse2238911\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-2238911\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>The phases are <b data-path-to-node=\"37\" data-index-in-node=\"15\">Carbon Fixation<\/b> (no energy cost), <b data-path-to-node=\"37\" data-index-in-node=\"49\">Reduction<\/b> (costs both ATP and NADPH), and <b data-path-to-node=\"37\" data-index-in-node=\"91\">Regeneration<\/b> of RuBP (costs ATP). The reduction phase is the most energy-intensive part because it directly consumes the reducing power of NADPH to create high-energy sugars.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-2238912\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse2238912\" aria-controls=\"collapse2238912\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What happens to the G3P that leaves the Calvin Cycle?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse2238912\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-2238912\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>The small fraction of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) exported from the chloroplast stroma into the cytoplasm is typically converted into <b data-path-to-node=\"41\" data-index-in-node=\"139\">sucrose<\/b> for transport throughout the plant. The G3P that remains inside the chloroplast is stored as <b data-path-to-node=\"41\" data-index-in-node=\"240\">starch<\/b> grains for nighttime energy.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-2238913\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse2238913\" aria-controls=\"collapse2238913\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How does DCMU (Diuron) inhibit photosynthesis?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse2238913\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-2238913\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>DMCU is a classic herbicide and an IIT JAM favorite. It blocks the plastoquinone binding site on <b data-path-to-node=\"45\" data-index-in-node=\"97\">Photosystem II<\/b>. This kills the electron flow from PSII to PSI, completely shutting down non-cyclic photophosphorylation and oxygen evolution.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<!-- Start accordion card div. -->\n<div class=\"ea-card  sp-ea-single\">\n\t<!-- Start accordion header. -->\n\t<h3 class=\"ea-header\">\n\t\t<!-- Add anchor tag for header. -->\n\t\t<a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-2238914\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse2238914\" aria-controls=\"collapse2238914\" href=\"#\"  aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the mechanism of action for Paraquat?\t\t<\/a> <!-- Close anchor tag for header. -->\n\t<\/h3>\t<!-- Close header tag. -->\n\t<!-- Start collapsible content div. -->\n\t<div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse2238914\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-22389\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-2238914\">  <!-- Content div. -->\n\t\t<div class=\"ea-body\">\n\t\t<p>Paraquat acts at the opposite end of the chain compared to DCMU. It steals electrons directly from the output side of <b data-path-to-node=\"47\" data-index-in-node=\"118\">Photosystem I<\/b> (specifically from ferredoxin) and passes them to oxygen, creating highly toxic superoxide free radicals that rapidly destroy the plant's cell membranes.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div> <!-- Close content div. -->\n\t<\/div> <!-- Close collapse div. -->\n<\/div> <!-- Close card div. -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reactions) For IIT JAM is a crucial topic in biology that involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. IIT JAM students must understand the light-dependent and light-independent reactions to excel in this subject. This topic is crucial for CSIR NET, IIT JAM, and GATE.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":12738,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","rank_math_seo_score":87},"categories":[23],"tags":[7760,2923,7757,7758,7759,2922],"class_list":["post-12739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-iit-jam","tag-biology-10-2-3-level","tag-competitive-exams","tag-photosynthesis-light-and-dark-reactions-for-iit-jam","tag-photosynthesis-light-and-dark-reactions-for-iit-jam-notes","tag-photosynthesis-light-and-dark-reactions-for-iit-jam-questions","tag-vedprep","entry","has-media"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12739"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12739\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22391,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12739\/revisions\/22391"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12738"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12739"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vedprep.com\/exams\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}